Research

In the report, D. J. Donaldson and colleagues point out that air pollution researchers have been focusing on urban surface films, often termed "window grime," as a potential contributor to air pollution. The films contain nitrogen compounds, which disappear at rates that can’t be explained by obvious losses due to rain washout. In addition, traditional models of urban air pollution suggest that there must be an important but unrecognized source for one nitrogen compound involved in smog formation.

Reporting in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Simon et al. determine that the pollution profile in Houston is further complicated by its proximity to the ocean. Nitryl chloride, a compound created by the reaction of sea salt with an oxide of nitrogen produced in urban atmospheres, can photodissociate into nitrogen dioxide and chlorine atoms. The former is a pollutant, and the latter has been shown to increase ground-level ozone formation.

Chlorine salts are naturally present in coastal air in sea salt aerosols, which are swept from the ocean into the air by the wind. Chlorine gas also is used to treat water in swimming pools, cooling towers and municipal water supplies. Chlorine atoms react rapidly with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from automobile and power plant emissions, contributing to the complex chain of reactions that leads to ozone formation. The primary cause of urban ozone is the reaction of hydroxyl radical (OH) with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. OH is a highly reactive molecule made of oxygen and hydrogen that forms photochemically in air.

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The band of rainfall happens at what is called the intertropical convergence zone. There, just north of the equator, trade winds from the northern and southern hemispheres collide at the same time heat pours into the atmosphere from the tropical sun. Rain clouds 30,000 feet thick in places proceed to dump as much as 13 feet (4 meters) of rain a year in some places. The band stretching across the Pacific is generally between 3 degrees and 10 degrees north of the equator depending on the time of year. It has recently been hypothesized that the intertropical convergence zone does not reside in the southern hemisphere for reasons having to do with the distribution of land masses and locations of major mountain ranges in the world, particularly the Andes mountains, that have not changed for millions of years.

Chen's team injected the spinal cords of mice with a neurotoxin called bombesin-saporin. It bound to GRPR and killed the neurons where the gene was expressed. When these mice then were exposed to things that caused itching, they didn't scratch. With an appropriate dose of the neurotoxin, their scratching could be reduced by more than 80 percent or completely eliminated in some instances. That finding proved that the neurons with GRPR were required for normal itch sensation.

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"But the identification of an itch receptor in spinal-cord neurons didn't mean those neurons were itch-specific because it was possible that they also could have pain-related genes," says Chen, associate professor of anesthesiology, of psychiatry and of developmental biology. "A key question was whether those GRPR neurons also were transmitting pain signals. We approached that question by injecting a toxic substance that binds to GRPR and then exposing mice to both itchy and painful stimuli."

"We're talking about the most prominent rainfall feature on the planet, one that many people depend on as the source of their freshwater because there is no groundwater to speak of where they live," says Julian Sachs, associate professor of oceanography at the University of Washington and lead author of the paper. "In addition many other people who live in the tropics but farther afield from the Pacific could be affected because this band of rain shapes atmospheric circulation patterns throughout the world."

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Rainfall Feature Creeping Northward

Now researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have discovered that those itch-specific neurons do exist in mice, and their studies suggest that itch and pain signals are transmitted along different pathways in the spinal cord. Reporting in the Aug. 6 issue of Science Express, the advance online publication of the journal Science, the researchers say they can knock out an animal's itch response without affecting its ability to sense and attempt to avoid pain.

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If the band continues to migrate at just less than a mile (1.4 kilometers) a year, which is the average for all the years it has been moving north, then some Pacific islands near the equator – even those that currently enjoy abundant rainfall – may be drier within decades and starved of freshwater by midcentury or sooner. The prospect of additional warming because of greenhouse gases means that situation could happen even sooner.

Buy or Sell Books at BookHabit.com

BookHabit.com is a site where writes can upload their books and sell them. At BookHabit you can find unpublished books of fiction and non-fiction, scripts and plays.

The starting price for a book is $2.50 and increases if a book becomes popular. Writes pay nothing to add their books, and they will receive 40% of the sale price. The books can read on computer, mobile phone, PDA, or e-reader.

At BookHabit you can find unknown authors or books that are not published or promoted by mainstream publishing companies. You can even upload your own books and when you have reached the minimum windrow limit of $50 after 45 books sold you can receive the money through PayPal.

This is nice website but it doesn’t have many visitors and buyers, so even if you write a good book you won’t get any money out of them very soon.

myLot Scheme

myLot is a “growing” community of individuals that enjoys starting hundreds of discussions in the hope of getting $10.

myLot is social network with over 122,900 users (most of them are inactive), that uses a revenue sharing scheme, user get paid if they start discussion and respond to other discussions, user earnings are related with the number of visits and ad clicks his discussion gets.

Users get paid if they have a minimum of $10 in they account, this could mean hundreds of started discussions and replays.

Analyzing myLot I come to the conclusion that this isn’t the best way to earn money and is the last place to promote your blog.

Tipit.to scheme

Tipit.to was created by three Dutch students; they have created a “tipping system” that works similar to a PayPal donation system, the difference is that visitors can donate any amount of money no mater how small.

You add the “Like it? Tip it!” button to your website, people that like your articles can tip (donate) any amount of money they like. People that donate can pay Tipit.to once the total amount of donation exceeds $3 or $4; then Tipit.to gives you the tip. If a person donates small amounts all the tips are stored in his account until the total reaches $3 or $4 at that moment they are asked to pay the amount they donated. So if you get a $0.1 tip from one person and after that the person doesn’t pay Tipit.to you get nothing.

Tipit.to doesn’t seems a good way of making money, because this website is very easy to game, for example one of your visitors sees the button, signs up to Tipit.to, makes a $2 donation that he will never pay, then he makes another account and another donation, you get all excited, hoping that the people that donated money reach the $4 mark so you can get paid and after months of waiting noting happens, and you get a depression when you see that all was just a lie.

This website could be used to promote a blog, all the website that get tips are featured on the front page, so a person that wants to play with the system could create an account, add the button to his blog, then make another account that tip $2 the first account, and this actions will get him on the first page of the website.

Disadvantages: Tipit.to uses PayPal for transactions; you get paid if you have a minimum of $40 in your account. They take a 7,3% fee from every donation and payment, so at the end Tipit.to gets paid two times, and every time the money pas through PayPal they apply a fee.

Using the PayPal donation button is a beater way of making and receiving donations, when someone makes a donation through PayPal you will get paid.

This seems to be a get rich quick scheme, even if it isn’t.