Research

In the report, D. J. Donaldson and colleagues point out that air pollution researchers have been focusing on urban surface films, often termed "window grime," as a potential contributor to air pollution. The films contain nitrogen compounds, which disappear at rates that can’t be explained by obvious losses due to rain washout. In addition, traditional models of urban air pollution suggest that there must be an important but unrecognized source for one nitrogen compound involved in smog formation.

Reporting in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Simon et al. determine that the pollution profile in Houston is further complicated by its proximity to the ocean. Nitryl chloride, a compound created by the reaction of sea salt with an oxide of nitrogen produced in urban atmospheres, can photodissociate into nitrogen dioxide and chlorine atoms. The former is a pollutant, and the latter has been shown to increase ground-level ozone formation.

Chlorine salts are naturally present in coastal air in sea salt aerosols, which are swept from the ocean into the air by the wind. Chlorine gas also is used to treat water in swimming pools, cooling towers and municipal water supplies. Chlorine atoms react rapidly with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from automobile and power plant emissions, contributing to the complex chain of reactions that leads to ozone formation. The primary cause of urban ozone is the reaction of hydroxyl radical (OH) with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. OH is a highly reactive molecule made of oxygen and hydrogen that forms photochemically in air.

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The band of rainfall happens at what is called the intertropical convergence zone. There, just north of the equator, trade winds from the northern and southern hemispheres collide at the same time heat pours into the atmosphere from the tropical sun. Rain clouds 30,000 feet thick in places proceed to dump as much as 13 feet (4 meters) of rain a year in some places. The band stretching across the Pacific is generally between 3 degrees and 10 degrees north of the equator depending on the time of year. It has recently been hypothesized that the intertropical convergence zone does not reside in the southern hemisphere for reasons having to do with the distribution of land masses and locations of major mountain ranges in the world, particularly the Andes mountains, that have not changed for millions of years.

Chen's team injected the spinal cords of mice with a neurotoxin called bombesin-saporin. It bound to GRPR and killed the neurons where the gene was expressed. When these mice then were exposed to things that caused itching, they didn't scratch. With an appropriate dose of the neurotoxin, their scratching could be reduced by more than 80 percent or completely eliminated in some instances. That finding proved that the neurons with GRPR were required for normal itch sensation.

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"But the identification of an itch receptor in spinal-cord neurons didn't mean those neurons were itch-specific because it was possible that they also could have pain-related genes," says Chen, associate professor of anesthesiology, of psychiatry and of developmental biology. "A key question was whether those GRPR neurons also were transmitting pain signals. We approached that question by injecting a toxic substance that binds to GRPR and then exposing mice to both itchy and painful stimuli."

"We're talking about the most prominent rainfall feature on the planet, one that many people depend on as the source of their freshwater because there is no groundwater to speak of where they live," says Julian Sachs, associate professor of oceanography at the University of Washington and lead author of the paper. "In addition many other people who live in the tropics but farther afield from the Pacific could be affected because this band of rain shapes atmospheric circulation patterns throughout the world."

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Rainfall Feature Creeping Northward

Now researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have discovered that those itch-specific neurons do exist in mice, and their studies suggest that itch and pain signals are transmitted along different pathways in the spinal cord. Reporting in the Aug. 6 issue of Science Express, the advance online publication of the journal Science, the researchers say they can knock out an animal's itch response without affecting its ability to sense and attempt to avoid pain.

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If the band continues to migrate at just less than a mile (1.4 kilometers) a year, which is the average for all the years it has been moving north, then some Pacific islands near the equator – even those that currently enjoy abundant rainfall – may be drier within decades and starved of freshwater by midcentury or sooner. The prospect of additional warming because of greenhouse gases means that situation could happen even sooner.

Grow a Finger with Pig Dust

Lee Spievack sliced half an inch off the top of one of his finger and after he sprinkled some “pixie dust” the finger grow back.

The “pixie dust” is extra-cellular matrix, full off collagen and is made from dried pig’s bladder. Originally “pixie dust” was created to regenerate damaged ligaments in horses but Lee’s brother Alan who is researching tissue regeneration convinced him to sprinkle "pixie dust"

The U.S. Army Military is working with University of Pittsburgh scientists who developed the pixie dust to find a way to allow injured soldiers to regrow lost fingers, skin, and even whole limbs.

Spievack lost the finger in 2005 when it got caught in the propeller of a model plane. He did not want a skin graft, opting instead to try the “pixie dust.” Spievack said that his finger even has a fingernail and fingerprint.

Collagen gives skin strength and elasticity and is thought that the dust kick-starts the body's natural healing process by sending out signals that mobilize the body's own cells into repairing the damaged tissue.

 

Source: Daily Mail

China is building a nuclear submarine base

 

Breaking news China is building a nuclear submarine base and US is scared.

Someone gave The Daily Telegraph satellite images that show a harbor which could house nuclear ballistic missile submarines and aircraft carriers.

Images show several warships and a network of underground tunnels at the Sanya base on the southern tip of Hainan island.

The tunnel entrances is estimated to be 60ft high, built into hillsides around the base the tunnel leads to caverns capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from spy satellites.

Satellite image of the harbour: click to enlarge

The US Department of Defence is pretty scared because China will have five 094 nuclear submarines operational by 2010 with each capable of carrying 12 JL-2 nuclear missiles.

China has diverted much of its resources from the huge Peoples Liberation Army to the navy, air force and missile development. An old Russian aircraft carrier, bought by Beijing has been picked over by naval architects who hope to "reverse engineer" the ship.

In the next five to 10 years the People's Liberation Navy is expected to build up to six carriers which will also coincide with the Royal Navy’s construction of two major carriers.

The location of the base will give the submarines access to very deep water exceeding 5,000 meters making them even harder to detect.

Britain’s Trident submarines have to remain on the surface when they leave Faslane in north east Scotland and cannot dive to depth until outside the Irish Sea.

This is a challenge to any hegemonic power, particularly the US which still remains dominant in the region. But so far China has offered no public explanation for its building at Sanya.

 The images were obtained by Janes Intelligence Review after the periodical was given access to imagery from the commercial satellite company DigitalGlobe.

David Blaine sets World Record for Underwater Breath Holding

David Blaine set a world record for underwater breath holding of 17 minutes, four and four-tenths seconds in Oprah Winfrey's talk show.

Blaine was suspended in an acrylic sphere filled with water 8.183 liters of water, the spent the first 22 minutes inhaling pure oxygen.

Blaine said that he was aware that his heart was beating irregularly near the end.

"I actually started to doubt I was going to make it because I'd never done it with such a high heart rate," he added. His aides said during the event that his heart rate should have dropped far lower than it did.”

This was not a magic act this was just a stunt, David tries all the time to push the limits of the human body.